not by emulation

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NOTES

not by emulation

Modern pedagogy might admiringly term this a wholly noncompetitive educational environment. Even that description, however, might be too bland for the usage of Mary Shelley's day. Johnson's 1755 Dictionary defines "emulation" in a surprisingly harsh manner:

  1. Rivalry; desire of superiority
  2. Envy; desire of depressing another; contest; contention; discord