Title Image
Description:
Three men face each other, with the central figure looking toward the viewer. Each man is distinguished by his exaggerated expression, unusual head shape, and the phrenological map that has been drawn onto his head. Though the mapped head is a common phrenological illustration, this image is unusual in that its mapped heads appear to be alive and interacting with one another.
Copyright:
Copyright 2009, Department of Special Collections, Memorial Library, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
Primary Works:
Phrenological Illustrations
Accession Number:
+ 972135
Height (in centimeters):
26
Width (in centimeters):
37
Edition and State
UnknownPrinting Context
Created for Phrenological Illustrations. Phrenological Illustrations was published by George Cruikshank as a scrapbook and sold by Robbins, Humphrey, and Knight. The book of prints was issued uncolored for 8s., colored for 12s., and as large "India Proofs" for 20s (Douglas 24).Associated Texts
Phrenological Illustrations (1826)Phrenology, or, The Doctrine of the Mind (1825)
Subject
The mapped head was associated with phrenology from its earliest publications throughout the nineteenth century. It provided a useful map of the locations on the skull discussed in phrenological tracts. One contemporary reviewer explained, “The author’s mode of treating the subject is illustrated, and rendered very intelligible, by a plate of the human head having the organs delineated” (“The Phrenological System"). By illustrating the “scientific” mapping of phrenologists, this particular image reveals the association between disfigurement and character as it was used by both phrenologists and caricaturists (Stafford 344).Theme
Caricature. Phrenology. Science.Significance
The first of Cruikshank's "punning monographs," Phrenological Illustrations made use of the public's growing interest in scrapbooks or miscellanies to pun on the pseudo-science of phrenology as it grew in popularity (Patten, George Cruikshank's Life 259, 286f). Contemporary periodicals identified Phrenological Illustrations for its contributions "to the celebrity of [Deville’s and Spurzheim's] science," claiming that Cruikshank's work popularized phrenology even more than the phrenologists' lectures ("Phrenological Illustrations" 60). By illustrating the "'primitive' or 'natural' inclination of man" as explained by phrenologists, Cruikshank's work reveals the association between disfigurement and character as it was used by both phrenologists and caricaturists (Stafford 344). Finally, Cruikshank’s Phrenological Illustrations also participates in a larger tradition of phrenological parody by both poking fun at the pseudo-science's claim to an infallible "reading" of the subject and by revealing the extent of its popularity.Function
Social caricature satirized popular trends not simply in order to entertain but also to inform or alter public opinion. Caricatures of phrenology taught the “clinical gaze” by illustrating the pseudo-science’s usefulness (or lack thereof) in the interpretation of human appearance and—because the exterior or visible was here equated with the interior or unknown—in the reading of human character ( Foucault 103ff).Bibliography
Cowling, Mary. The Artist as Anthropologist: The Representation of Type and Character in Victorian Art. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989. Print.The Phrenological Journal and Miscellany Vol. 3. (August, 1825 – October, 1826): Edinburgh, 1826. Print.
Long Title
Phrenological Illustrations, Or An Artist's View of the Craniological System of Doctors Gall and Spurzheim. By George Cruikshank./ London: Published by George Cruikshank, Myddelton Terrace; and Sold by J. Robins and Co. Ivy Lany, Paternoster Row; S. Knights, Sweeting's Alley, Royal Exchange; and G. Humphrey, 24, St. James's Street.Featured in Exhibit:
Engraver:
Delineator:
Image Date:
1 August 1826
