Philostratus or Lucius Flavius Philostratus, called "the Athenian," authored the biography of first-century C.E. philosopher Appolonius of Tyana in which he attempts to construct his subject as an alternative to Jesus Christ.

One of the most important publishers of the early nineteenth century. In addition to his many book and pamphlet publications, he operated several periodicals over his career, including the Leicester Herald, the Museum, the Antiquaries Magazine, and most importantly, the Monthly Magazine. He was convicted and imprisoned for a time for selling Thomas Paine's Rights of Man.

An English poet, author of The Splendid Shilling. A Poem, In Imitation of Milton (1701) and Blenheim (1705).

Known best for his pastoral poetry, playwright and poet Ambrose Philips was praised by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, and he probably contributed to their periodical The Spectator. His best-known play was The Distrest Mother (1712). Philips also established and authored much of the content of the periodical The Freethinker from 1718-1721.

Member of the Argead Dynasty and father of Alexander the Great. Philip II, also known as "Philip of Macedon," controlled the entirety of Greece by the end of his reign, using both diplomatic and military endeavors to solidify his power. This foundation allowed for Alexander's expansion of power after Philip's death.

The last member of the House of Chalon to hold the title of Prince of Orange, Philibert served as a commander under Charles V in the War of the League of Cognac, the Sack of Rome, and the Siege of Florence. Philibert died in battle toward the end of the siege.

Athenian painter, sculptor, and architect, frequently considered the key founder of the Classical Greek sculptural design. His most notable works include his artistic design of the Parthenon, his statue of Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, and his Statue of Zeus at Olympia, which is considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

A legendary early king of the Franks from some time before the fifth century.

The Italian humanist and lyric poet referred to as "Petrarch" by English speakers was named Poet Laureate of Rome in 1341. He is best known for his series of sonnets to "Laura," whose true identity is unknown, and through these poems, for the inspiration he provided to the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century British sonneteers.

Also known as Peter the Great, Peter I ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire 1682 until his death in 1725, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother. Through a number of successful wars, he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, westernized and based on the Enlightenment.