• The die is cast As several editions of the novel have noted, this phrase was uttered by Julius Caesar
    when he crossed the Rubicon: it is quoted in the Life of Julius Caesar, the first
    of the Lives of the Twelve Caesars of Caius Suetonius Tranquillus. Mary Shelley read
    Suetonius in May 1817 while she was writing Frankenstein, so it is certain that she
    would not allude to this famous phrase without a sense of its actual context. Caesar
    goes forward to total victory, whereas it would seem in contrast that Walton returns
    in defeat. But perhaps the context is as ironic as that provided Victor's speech to
    the sailors by Dante's Inferno 26. In such a case we might want to read Walton's superficial
    defeat as cloaking a moral victory.