Born the Count of Provence, Louis XVIII, sometimes known as "the Desired," was the King of France from 1814-1824. Before his reign, he spent twenty-three years in exile during the French revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic empire, and was exiled again during the "Hundred Days" reign of Napoleon after his escape from prison on the island of Elba. While Louis XVIII's 1814 Charter established France as a constitutional monarchy and instituted progressive reform, he subsequently retracted or violated several key measures.