An American-born military leader during the American Revolutionary War, Benedict Arnold originally served the American Continental Army, rising to the rank of major general and gaining the trust of George Washington before defecting to the British in 1780. After rising to the rank of brigadier general in the British military, Arnold marched British forces against the American army he had once served. His name has become synonymous with betrayal and treason in American popular culture.

Poet, physician, essayist. Most famous for his didactic poem The Art of Preserving Health (1744).

Known for his titles as Duc de Nemours and Count of Guise, Louis d'Armagnac participated in the Italian campaigns under Charles VIII of France and later became the French viceroy of Naples under Louis XII.

Through his inventions of a carding frame and, even more importantly, an innovative spinning frame, Arkwright became a leader in the mechanization of cotton manufacturing and the development of the factory system for textile production.

Ancient Greek philosopher, scientist, and foremost intellect during the Classical period. Living from 384-322 B.C.E., Aristotle was first a student of Plato. His writings spanned across mathematics, science, and the humanities. As the pioneer of the study of zoology, Aristotle was considered a great scientific mind, but it is particularly his contributions to the field of philosophy and as founder of formal logic that his thought has pervaded Western culture.

Aristophanes was the foremost Greek comic playwright of his time. Many works with which he has been credited are now lost, but among those that survive, Wasps (422 B.C.), Birds (414 B.C.), Lysistrata (411 B.C.), Plutus (also known as Wealth, 408; revised 388), and Frogs (405 B.C.) are among the best known. ,

His Milesian Tales were a collection of erotic picaresque stories.

Italian poet best known for his chivalric romance epic, Orlando Furioso (1516).

The "airy spirit" in William Shakespeare's The Tempest. Although Ariel is trapped under Prospero's command, Ariel is quite powerful himself, with a range of abilities and a host of followers beneath him. Ultimately, Ariel manipulates Prospero by appealing to his humanity in order to gain his freedom.

A Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.