Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who, by means of telescopic observation, disproved the Ptolomeaic theory of the universe.

Anna Letitia Barbauld suggests as a possible model for Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740-1) the story of Noel Baptist, Fourth Earl of Gainsborough (1708-1751, Bernard Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage), who married Elizabeth Chapman, the daughter of his gameskeeper, Christopher Chapman.

Character in Samuel Richardson's The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1754), sister to the title character.

Primarily a visual artist, Swiss-born Henry Fuseli produced some literary achievements as well, including Aphorisms on Man (1788), a translation of Lavater's Vermischte unphysiognomische Regeln zur Selbst- und Menschenkenntniß (1787). Among his visual works, The Nightmare (1781) is probably the most famous. His Milton Gallery from the 1790s was also widely known.

Last king from the House of Trastámara, ruling from 1496-1501, more commonly known as "Frederick IV" as the fourth ruling Frederick of Sicily. In 1501 Frederick was deposed by Louis XII of France and his cousin King Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Son of a Duke and Duke's daughter, Frederick I was Duke of Swabia, German king, and finally Holy Roman Emperor beginning in 1152. Also known as Frederick Barbarossa, his reign was characterized by his defiance of papal power and struggle for German predominance in Europe. Remembered for his political and military brilliance, Frederick I died during the Third Crusade.

Prince of Wales, heir apparent of King George II, and father of King George III, Frederick predeceased his father by nine years, never to become king.

Scottish picturesque watercolorist, romance author, and travel writer.

Thomas Francklin was a moderately successful writer and playwright. One of his most successful plays was The Earl of Warwick (1766). He also collaborated with Tobias Smollett on the Critical Review.

The last Holy Roman Emperor from 1792-1806. Francis II also held the titles of King of Hungary and King of Bohemia, eventually naming himself Emperor of Austria in response to Napoleon's coronation as Emperor of the French.